Tuesday, October 23, 2012

Future Trends: Opportunities for Collaboration in the Developmental ...

Fuller picture of human expansion from Africa

ScienceDaily (Oct. 22, 2012) ? A new, comprehensive review of humans' anthropological and genetic records gives the most up-to-date story of the "Out of Africa" expansion that occurred about 45,000 to 60,000 years ago.

This expansion, detailed by three Stanford geneticists, had a dramatic effect on human genetic diversity, which persists in present-day populations. As a small group of modern humans migrated out of Africa into Eurasia and the Americas, their genetic diversity was substantially reduced.

In studying these migrations, genomic projects haven't fully taken into account the rich archaeological and anthropological data available, and vice versa. This review integrates both sides of the story and provides a foundation that could lead to better understanding of ancient humans and, possibly, genomic and medical advances.

"People are doing amazing genome sequencing, but they don't always understand human demographic history" that can help inform an investigation, said review co-author Brenna Henn, a postdoctoral fellow in genetics at the Stanford School of Medicine who has a PhD in anthropology from Stanford. "We wanted to write this as a primer on pre-human history for people who are not anthropologists."

This model of the Out of Africa expansion provides the framework for testing other anthropological and genetic models, Henn said, and will allow researchers to constrain various parameters on computer simulations, which will ultimately improve their accuracy.

"The basic notion is that all of these disciplines have to be considered simultaneously when thinking about movements of ancient populations," said Marcus Feldman, a professor of biology at Stanford andthe senior author of the paper. "What we're proposing is a story that has potential to explain any of the fossil record that subsequently becomes available, and to be able to tell what was the size of the population in that place at that time."

The anthropological information can inform geneticists when they investigate certain genetic changes that emerge over time. For example, geneticists have found that genes for lactose intolerance and gluten sensitivity began to emerge in populations expanding into Europe around 10,000 years ago.

The anthropological record helps explain this: It was around this time that humans embraced agriculture, including milk and wheat production. The populations that prospered -- and thus those who survived to pass on these mutations -- were those who embraced these unnatural food sources. This, said Feldman, is an example of how human movements drove a new form of natural selection.

Populations that expand from a small founding group can also exhibit reduced genetic diversity -- known as a "bottleneck" -- a classic example being the Ashkenazi Jewish population, which has a fairly large number of genetic diseases that can be attributed to its small number of founders. When this small group moved from the Rhineland to Eastern Europe, reproduction occurred mainly within the group, eventually leading to situations in which mothers and fathers were related. This meant that offspring often received the same deleterious gene from each parent and, as this process continued, ultimately resulted in a population in which certain diseases and cancers are more prevalent.

"If you know something about the demographic history of populations, you may be able to learn something about the reasons why a group today has a certain genetic abnormality -- either good or bad," Feldman said. "That's one of the reasons why in our work we focus on the importance of migration and history of mixing in human populations. It helps you assess the kinds of things you might be looking for in a first clinical assessment. It doesn't have the immediacy of prescribing chemotherapy -- it's a more general look at what's the status of human variability in DNA, and how might that inform a clinician."

The study is published in the current edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and was co-authored by Feldman's longtime collaborator, population geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza of Stanford and the Universit? Vita-Salute San Raffaele in Italy.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Stanford University. The original article was written by Bjorn Carey.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. B. M. Henn, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, M. W. Feldman. The great human expansion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212380109

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/NZqpM1wsygE/121022145445.htm

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Buyers Win 6.6 Percent Increase In Purchasing Power | Crested ...

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Heather takes great pride in giving unparalleled customer service and is dedicated to her clients and their individual needs. Her number one priority is to provide service above and beyond her clients? expectations. She will dedicate her time, attention, energy and knowledge during and after each transaction. Read More

Source: http://www.crestedbuttepropertyshop.com/purchasing-power-rises-q32012/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=purchasing-power-rises-q32012

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Monday, October 22, 2012

Obama, Romney to square off in third and final presidential debate (Los Angeles Times)

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Gas prices drop as demand tapers off

Gerald Herbert / AP

Gas prices are displayed at a gas station and mini-mart in the Mid City section of New Orleans in New Orleans. Gasoline prices averaged $3.7529 per gallon on Oct. 19, down from $3.8375 on Oct. 5.

By Reuters

The average price for a gallon of regular gasoline in the United States fell more than 8 cents during the past two weeks, weighed down by the drop in crude oil prices and low seasonal demand, according to a widely followed survey released on Sunday.

Gasoline prices averaged $3.7529 per gallon on Oct. 19, down from $3.8375 on Oct. 5, Trilby Lundberg, editor of the Lundberg Survey, said. This came after a month-long period when gas prices averaged around the $3.83 per gallon price, she added.

U.S. crude futures have dropped from September highs above $100 per barrel, contributing to the slide in gasoline prices, and last Friday, they ended at $90.14 per barrel, down more than 2 percent.

Lundberg said further declines in retail gas prices are expected if the cost of crude oil does not rise substantially. She added that in California, gasoline prices could have a "dramatic crash" after refinery problems caused a spike two weeks ago.

Average prices at the pump in California fell 2.95 cents to $4.46. Two weeks ago, drivers there were paying about $4.49.

The highest prices for regular gasoline recorded in the Oct. 19 survey were in San Francisco at $4.50 a gallon, while the drivers in Tulsa, Oklahoma, were paying the least at $3.26 per gallon.

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Discussing whether lower gas prices are on the horizon, with CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis and "Futures Now" team, Rich Ilczyszyn at the CME, and Anthony Grisanti at the Nymex.

Copyright 2011 Thomson Reuters. Click for restrictions.

Source: http://bottomline.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/21/14598275-gas-prices-drop-as-demand-tapers-off?lite

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Looking For Advice On Purchasing Video Games? You Came To ...

Video games aren?t all shooting and killing! Many games today work you out, let you dance, or train your brain. From games for handheld devices to consoles, you can find a great variety of options which are non-violent. Don?t just write off video games because you think they?re all blood and gore!

Video games come in an assortment of genres, so it is essential to know what kind you or a loved one likes before buying them. Normally the salesmen at the retail stores can help you, but it also helps a lot to do some prior research on websites as well as read reviews.

If you are into gaming on your personal computer, know what it can handle. Personal computer games come with system requirements, ranging from CPU speed to graphics card model and power. Always remember that the listed requirements on the box are minimums. Your system needs to be more powerful to play the game well.

Take video game breaks. Sitting in the same position for too long can be dangerous to your overall health. Force yourself every half an hour to hit that pause button and walk around the room for a bit. This will help your body as well as clear your mind.

Start out playing any new video game at the easiest level to become familiar with the rules of play. Make yourself familiar with the basic game elements before you advance to the higher levels. You can also try to improve your play by muting the sound so that you can concentrate on the action.

Remember to take regular breaks when playing video games. When you are playing video games for extended periods of time without any breaks, your eyes can start to dry out and become sore. Therefore, it is important to take a 15 minute break from video games at least once every 2 hours.

Before your child plays a video game, play the game yourself. Don?t only use ESRB ratings and the word of others. There may be content in the game that you really don?t want to expose your child to, and the only way you?ll know is by playing for a little while first.

Avoid buying big name games near their launch dates. Waiting means that you are more likely to buy a game after a patch or two has come out to fix glaring holes and bugs that could impact your enjoyment and game play. Also keep an eye out for titles from studios that are known for good patching and support.

The price of a new release game has become outrageous. If you want to save yourself some cash, wait a few months after the general release. Usually the game price will go down as it gets older. The manufacturer wants to have high sales when released, and in order to maintain those high sales, they have to drop the price later.

If you are concerned with anyone in your home doing too much sedentary video gaming time, get them to include more active video gaming hours. Hardware and titles now exist where video gamers can play various sports, dance, practice balance and agility and even strength train. These all make for good activity on rainy or dark days.

When buying games for your kids, look into the features of each selection. Many new games allow for interaction with other players, most of whom will be complete strangers. Some games feature online chatting, for instance. Take your kids? ages into consideration, but also think of their maturity levels.

One of the best things that you can do to maximize your overall experience during game play is to turn off the lights. This is especially fun with horror games, as it can increase the overall effect that you get. Creating an optimal environment when playing is very beneficial for you and your friends.

Playing against others is the best way to become a better gamer. Ask friends and family to play with you as often as possible. The more you practice, the better you?ll be, and the same goes for those you play against. Entice them with the lure of being a better gamer!

MMORPG games are no fun to play alone. With so many members, there is a new world that can appeal to you. Make as many friends as you can with your online gaming. Friends who have similar rankings as you do can understand what you love about the game. Having a lot of MMORPG friends can be more satisfying than having top 10 rankings.

An excellent way to please your children with a gaming system and ensure they stay fit is to buy a Nintendo Wii. This gaming system requires actual activity to play. Your kids will not be sitting for hours on end playing a game. They have to be moving around in order to play the games on this system.

No matter what your game or level of play, the world of video gaming can really enhance your life in so many ways. You can just kick back and relax, engage your friends in fierce competition or learn something new and valuable. Hopefully the article you just read takes your game to the next level.

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Source: http://cannabismrsacure.letstalkaboutpot.com/looking-for-advice-on-purchasing-video-games-you-came-to-the-right-place/

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Sunday, October 21, 2012

Make a James Bond-Style Getaway With This 'Quadski' [VIDEO]

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